Program Profile: Second Responders Program (Redlands, CA)

The program model enlists second responders to make home visits to try to help victims find long-term solutions to help repeat incident victims of family violence including intimate partner abuse, abuse within families or households, and elder abuse. The program is rated Ineffective. Overall, the evidence found no statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups on prevalence of and frequency of new domestic incidents and time to failure.

An Ineffective rating implies that implementing the program is unlikely to result in the intended outcome(s).

This program's rating is based on evidence that includes at least one high-quality randomized controlled trial.

An Ineffective rating implies that implementing the program is unlikely to result in the intended outcome(s).

This program's rating is based on evidence that includes at least one high-quality randomized controlled trial.

Program Goals/Target Population

Second Responders programs were originally developed in the 1980s to help victims of repeat incidents of family violence (including intimate partner abuse, abuse within families or households, and elder abuse). Second Responders programs follow from the understanding that incidents of family violence are often recurring and that victims are likely to be receptive to opportunities to prevent recurrence immediately following victimization. Second responders (usually social workers and police officers) visit the homes where family violence incidents were recently reported to the police. They work with victims to help them find long-term solutions to recurring abuse.

This model was adopted for use with the Redlands (California) Police Department. The goal of the Redlands Second Responders program was to ensure that victims had information about and access to available resources and services, to answer any questions victims may have had about the complaint or the justice process, and to encourage a sense of trust in the police and criminal justice system as a whole.

Program Components

The Redlands Second Responders team consisted of two police officers, including a trained female domestic violence detective. The response team would visit households either within 24 hours or within 7 days of a domestic complaint. Depending on the victim’s receptiveness to assistance from the team, visits typically lasted 30–45 minutes.

A written protocol would guide the response team making the home visits. The officers began the visits by talking to victims about the recent incident of family violence and any immediate safety concerns the victims may have had. The officers would discuss with the victims the nature of the domestic violence and the possibility that the incident could recur if no action is taken. They would also ask the victim a series of questions about the relationship with the person who abused them, history of abuse, and the presence of children and weapons in the home.

After the preliminary discussion, second response officers would provide victims with information about resources and services available to them. Officers would provide them with a written description of local resources to assist domestic violence victims, including housing relocation, counseling, domestic violence shelters, medical help, civil legal assistance, information about the criminal justice process, aid in applying for an order of relief, and emergency financial assistance. In addition, officers would work with victims to develop safety plans and instruct them in how to document future abusive or stalking behaviors.

The second response team would make two attempts at home visits. In cases where the complainant was not home, literature was left and/or phone contact was made with the household.

Study

Davis, Weisburd, and Hamilton (2007) conducted a randomized experiment to assess the impact of the Redlands (CA) Second Responders program. The study was also designed to determine whether the timing of the intervention is a key determinant of its effects. Cases involving misdemeanor or felony battery of a spouse or intimate partner reported to the Redlands Police Department (RPD) from Jan. 1, 2005, through Dec. 3, 2005, were randomized to one of three conditions: 1) second responders were sent to the victims’ homes within 24 hours (n=75); 2) second responders scheduled a visit to victims’ homes approximately 1 week after the call for service (n=77); or 3) no second response occurred (n=148).

There were no significant differences between the groups with regard to case characteristics. Fifty-three percent of all cases involved charges of misdemeanor battery, 23 percent involved felony spousal assault, 1 percent involved assault with a weapon, 1 percent involved sexual assaults, and 22 percent involved nonviolent charges (including vandalism, violation of a restraining order, threats, and harassing phone calls). Eighty-two percent of the victims were female. The median age for victims was 33 years old; for perpetrators, 35.

The outcome of interest was any new incidents of abuse. Rearrest data was collected from the RPD database 6 months after the reporting date of the last domestic violence incident included in the study. The database was searched to determine if any new incidents had been reported for cases included in the study. The search returned any cases associated with the same victim in the trigger incident. For any new incidents that were identified during the search, information was collected on the date, charge, and identity of the perpetrator.

In addition, 6 months following the trigger incident, research staff attempted to interview victims about any new incidents of abuse that might have occurred. At least five attempts were made to contact victims by telephone. In cases where the victim could not be reached by phone, an incentive letter was sent to the home. Several steps were taken to protect victims from possible retaliation from the person who is abusing them. Overall, a 41 percent (n=123) interview success rate was achieved. Twenty-two percent (n=66) were interviewed during home visits, 13 percent (n=39) were interviewed by phone, and 6 percent (n=18) were interviewed by incentive letter. There were no significant differences between the cases in which interviews were completed compared with cases where interviews were not completed, except in terms of charge. Victims who were interviewed were more likely to be involved in nonviolent incidents relative to those not interviewed.

When examining case characteristics by looking at police data, three in four perpetrators did not have a history of abuse against the victim reported to the RPD. Sixteen percent had one prior incident on file, 4 percent had two incidents, 3 percent had three incidents, and 1 percent had four or more prior incidents on file. However, according to victims, two in three perpetrators had abused them before the current incident, a number far higher than the proportion who had a previous history with the police. Victims reported an average of two prior acts of abuse against them.

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

Davis, Robert C., David L. Weisburd, and Edwin E. Hamilton. 2010. “Preventing Repeat Incidents of Family Violence: A Randomized Field Test of a Second Responder Program.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 6:397–418.

Davis, Robert C., David L. Weisburd, and Bruce Taylor. 2008. Effects of Second Responder Programs on Repeat Incidents of Family Abuse: A Systematic Review. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.