Program Profile: Nashville (Tenn.) Drug Market Intervention

This is a policing program that used community mobilization, strategic planning, and pulling-levers notifications to reduce drug dealing in a high-crime area in Nashville, Tenn. The program is rated Promising. At the postintervention, there was a statistically significant decline in drug crime incidents in the target area, compared with the adjacent comparison area and the rest of Nashville. But there were no statistically significant effects on violent or property offenses or calls for service.

A Promising rating implies that implementing the program may result in the intended outcome(s).

A Promising rating implies that implementing the program may result in the intended outcome(s).

Program Goals/Target Sites

The goals of the Nashville (Tenn.) Drug Market Intervention were to disrupt a Nashville street drug market and deter potential offenses, and ultimately to reduce crime and promote a safer neighborhood. The program emphasized a zero-tolerance attitude toward drug dealing, which was demonstrated by a deliberate investigation and video recording of all drug sales in the target area. By reducing drug dealing, the program aimed to increase organization in the community, as disorganization is often associated with more serious crimes. McFerrin Park, a high-crime neighborhood in Nashville, was selected as the target for this program.

Program Components

The Municipal Nashville Police Department implemented its Drug Market Intervention program in four phases: identification, preparation, notification, and resource delivery.

Identification. During this phase, the police department compiled information from several sources to distinguish drug hot spots. Information on crime trends was provided by research analysts, and intelligence information was provided from officers who participated in sting operations. Witnesses to crimes, narcotics complaints, and police surveillance also provided information. After a full analysis of information gathered, law enforcement officials chose McFerrin Park as the site to receive a focused intervention, due to its high rates of drug activity.

Preparation. Task force members focused on building relationships with other law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, social service providers, faith-based organizations, and community-based groups during this phase to prepare a customized strategy to tackle the open-air drug market in Nashville.

During this phase, the individuals in the community who chronically offend were also identified and arrested. The facts of each case was reviewed by the police department and District Attorney's Office to determine which persons would be prosecuted and which would have their charges withheld and instead receive "pulling lever notifications." This decision was based primarily on criminal history; dealers with violent histories were prosecuted, while dealers without violent histories received "notifications" (and ultimately offered community support) instead of prosecution.

Notification. During this phase, those eligible persons received their notifications. They then attended meetings that focused on individual deterrence and changing attitudes and behavior. The meetings were also a way to provide a general deterrent effect by serving as examples to those who may potentially commit an offense.

The police department also focused on notifying the community about the drug market intervention and recent drug-related arrests they had made as part of it. The goal of this phase was to emphasize the message in the community that drug dealing would not be tolerated in McFerrin Park.

Resource-delivery phase. During this final phase, each of the individuals selected to be assigned to pulling levers notifications met with social service providers as part of a preliminary assessment panel. Specific strategies were designed to assist each person based on their needs, including treatment, education and skills training, and job-interview skills.

Through this process, the department strived to show citizens that the focus on reducing open-air drug markets was more than a regular arrest and prosecution. To convey their commitment to ending drug dealing in the neighborhood, the department also increased patrol service and made responding to calls in McFerrin Park a priority.

Key Personnel

Cooperation between the Municipal Nashville Police Department, the Davidson County District Attorney’s Office, several community organizations, and research providers was essential to implement this program properly.

Program Theory

The theory behind this program was that even though drug dealing is not a violent crime, street-level drug markets can pose serious danger to neighborhoods. Drug dealers consider reputation maintenance, loss recovery, and retaliation/vengeance as essential ways to maintain legitimacy among their peers. As a result, drug dealing often leads to violent crimes. In addition, drug markets are a form of social disorganization, which leads to a breakdown in informal social controls in neighborhoods and facilitates criminal behavior.

This program based its strategy on the pulling levers approach to crime control. The idea behind the pulling levers strategy is to gather information to identify specific criminal activities in an area, develop a tailored approach, and implement sanctions for those convicted of serious offenses; this is known as “pulling” the appropriate “levers.” One of the main goals of the pulling levers strategy is to spread the message that crime will not be tolerated, in order to convey a message of deterrence to the community (Corsaro et al. 2010).

Study

Corsaro and colleagues (2010) used a time-series analysis to evaluate the impact of the drug market intervention on crime in Nashville, Tenn. They examined criminal offense data, as well as calls for service count outcomes across three different Nashville geographic areas: the target area of McFerrin Park, the comparison area, and the remainder of Nashville. Data from March 2005 through April 2010 was used in the study. Preintervention and postintervention means for the outcomes were examined, with the preintervention period designated as March 2005 to February 2008, and the postintervention period designated as March 2008 to April 2010. For the preintervention–postintervention analysis, a full-count regression model was used to control for seasonal and trend factors that might influence the outcomes.

Drug and narcotic incidents were measured as the monthly number of charges for illegal narcotics possession as well as drug equipment offenses; this included charges for drug paraphernalia possession and related equipment-based crimes. Data was obtained from the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR).

UCR Part 1 offenses were measured as the monthly number of homicides, forcible rapes, robberies, aggravated assaults, burglaries, larcenies, and motor vehicle thefts. Violent and property offenses were both included in this measure. Data was collected from the UCR, which classifies Part I offenses as serious felonies.

Calls for service were measured as the total number of monthly citizen-initiated requests for police assistance or investigation. Data was collected from the Davidson County (Tenn.) Emergency Communications Center. No subgroup analyses were conducted.

Additional Outcomes

After the program ended, the study authors conducted interviews to supplement the study with qualitative data. They asked 44 residents of the McFerrin Park neighborhood in Nashville whether they believed that street drug markets were a major problem in their neighborhood. They found the Nashville Drug Market Intervention had a statistically significant positive effect on residents’ perceptions of problem drug markets. For example, in rating the statement, “Street drug markets were a major problem in McFerrin Park a little over a year ago,” 43 residents (97.7 percent) responded “agree,” 1 resident (2.3 percent) responded “neutral,” and 0 residents responded “disagree.” For the statement, “Street drug markets are a major problem in McFerrin Park now (August 2009),” 3 respondents (7 percent) agreed, 1 was neutral (2.3 percent), and 39 (90.7 percent) disagreed. The results indicate that residents of McFerrin Park believed that street drug markets were less of a problem after the Nashville Drug Market Intervention was implemented (Corsaro et al. 2010).

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

Corsaro, Nicholas, and Edmund McGarrell. 2009. An Evaluation of the Nashville Drug Market Initiative (DMI) Pulling Levers Strategy. Drug Market Intervention Working Paper. East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice.

Following are CrimeSolutions-rated programs that are related to this practice:

Focused Deterrence Strategies

This practice (also referred to as “pulling-levers policing”) includes problem-oriented policing strategies that follow the core principles of deterrence theory. The strategies target specific criminal behavior committed by a small number of individuals who chronically commit offenses, such as youth gang members or those who repeatedly commit violent offenses, who are vulnerable to sanctions and punishment. The practice is rated Promising for reducing crime.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

Crime & Delinquency - Multiple crime/offense types

Street-Level Drug Law Enforcement

This practice includes targeted-policing approaches for reducing drug and drug-related offenses. This practice is rated Promising in reducing reported, drug-related calls for services and offenses against persons. This practice is rated Ineffective in reducing reported property offenses, public order calls for service, and total offenses.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

	Crime & Delinquency - Drug and alcohol offenses
	Crime & Delinquency - Violent offenses
	Crime & Delinquency - Property offenses
	Crime & Delinquency - Public order offenses
	Crime & Delinquency - Multiple crime/offense types

Why might a practice's outcome ratings differ from the ratings of specific programs encompassed by that practice?