Program Profile: Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN)

This program addresses family functioning and parental behavior to reduce child abuse, neglect, and external placement. The program is rated Promising. Compared with the control group, treatment parents and children showed statistically significant improvements in functioning, treatment parents showed significant improvements in social support, and treatment children had a lower likelihood of receiving external placement. However, there were no significant differences between groups on abuse.

A Promising rating implies that implementing the program may result in the intended outcome(s).

This program's rating is based on evidence that includes at least one high-quality randomized controlled trial.

A Promising rating implies that implementing the program may result in the intended outcome(s).

This program's rating is based on evidence that includes at least one high-quality randomized controlled trial.

Program Goals

The overriding goal of the Multisystemic Therapy (MST) model is to keep adolescents who have exhibited serious clinical problems (e.g., drug abuse, violence, severe emotional disturbance) at home, in school, and out of trouble. Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST–CAN) adopts the principles of MST by treating youth, parents, and families with child physical abuse and neglect reports within their home ecology and by intervening in the systems, family, and care-giving environment. Treatment aims to reduce the recurrence of abuse, prevent out-of-home placement, reduce parent-to-child aggression (psychological and physical), and improve parent mental health functioning and parenting skills and behaviors.

Program Components

MST–CAN delivers services in the home to reduce barriers that typically keep families from accessing services. Therapists have small caseloads of four to six families; work as a team of at least three therapists to include a crisis caseworker, and a full-time supervisor with psychiatrist support; are available on call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; and provide services at times convenient to the family. The average treatment occurs over roughly 7 months, with multiple therapist–family contacts occurring each week.

Treatment is provided to all family members, with therapists treating an average of five family members per case. MST–CAN therapists engage family members in treatment and work to foster a positive relationship between the family and their Child Protection caseworker. In a collaborative relationship with the therapist the family sets treatment goals, and ongoing assessment and safety planning is a significant component of the model. Specific treatment techniques include cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) for anger management, CBT treatments for the impact of trauma or posttraumatic stress disorder on adults and children, reinforcement-based therapy for adult substance abuse, behavioral family therapy for communication and problem-solving issues, functional analysis for family conflict and the use of force in parenting, and abuse clarification. Safety planning and abuse clarification are used in all cases. Other treatments are used as needed.

Key Personnel

MST–CAN is an intensive program with regular contact (from three times a week to daily) for a duration of 6 to 9 months, using therapists with relatively low caseloads (generally four to six families). MST–CAN requires a full-time supervisor, a crisis case manager, at least 3 therapists, and a part-time psychiatrist. Special training and care are given for safety planning, dealing with problem-solving and communication difficulties, and substance use intervention where caregivers have alcohol and drug problems.

Program Theory

Systems and social ecological theories form the theoretical foundation of MST. As a family-based home intervention, it identifies the practical issues facing recovery within the family’s immediate environment (Swenson et al. 2010).

Study

The Swenson and colleagues (2010) study was a randomized trial of treatments for physically abused and neglected children and their families in South Carolina. The participants were referred by Child Protective Services (CPS) between November 2000 and October 2003 and consisted of 86 youths and the custodial parents implicated in a CPS report of physical abuse. Participants were included if physical abuse was present (as determined by CPS), if the youths were between 10 and 17 years old, if the family resided within Charleston County, and if the family had open cases within the previous 90 days. Participants were excluded if they had previous experience with Multisystemic Therapy (MST), if reunification was inappropriate or unsafe, or when parents with psychosis were present.

Participants were randomized to a Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST–CAN) condition (n=44) and an Enhanced Outpatient Treatment (EOT) condition (n=42). Both treatments were carried out by a local mental health center. The EOT participants were given the standard services for physically abused youths (substance use, parent training, individual therapy, family therapy, parent–child sessions), but also enhanced services encouraging family engagement, plus a parenting program called Systematic Training for Effective Parenting of Teens. MST–CAN participants received on average of 88 hours of treatment over 7.6 months, while EOT participants received 76 hours of treatment over 4.0 months.

The mean age of the youths in the sample was 13.88 years; 55.8 percent were female; 68.6 percent were African American, and 22.1 percent white. The mean age of parents (reported for abuse) was 41.79 years; 65.1 percent were female, and 58.1 percent were single parents. Measurements were taken at baseline and at 2, 4, 10, and 16 months past the baseline. Numerous methods and sources were used to measure family functioning, child and parent functioning, parenting behavior, social support, reabuse, and out-of-home placement. The instruments used were the Child Behavior Checklist, the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, the Global Severity Index and the Positive Symptom Total Scale of the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Conflict Tactics Scale, the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, and data on reabuse and out-of-home placement from CPS.

Data in the study was analyzed using latent growth curve modeling and effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were calculated for the models in an intent-to-treat analysis.

All clinical team members are required to complete 5 days of orientation on standard Multisystemic Therapy (MST), 4 days of training on Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST–CAN), and 4 days of training on trauma treatment. MST–CAN is licensed through the Medical University of South Carolina and disseminated through contracts between the provider agency and MST Services, Inc. MST–CAN is currently being implemented in two non-English speaking teams in Switzerland and The Netherlands. Training materials have been translated to Swiss German and Dutch specifically for use by these teams.

More information can be found at the program’s website: http://www.mstservices.com/mst-can-child-welfare-program

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

These sources were used in the development of the program profile:

Brunk, Molly, Scott W. Henggelerm, and James P. Whelan. 1987. “Comparison of Multisystemic Therapy and Parent Training in the Brief Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55:171–78.

Stallman, Helen M., Karen E. Walmsley, William Bor, MElizabeth Collerson, Cynthia Cupit Swenson, and Brett McDermott. 2010. “New Directions in the Treatment of Child Physical Abuse and Neglect in Australia: MST–CAN, a Case Study.” Advances in Mental Health 9(2):148–61.

Swenson, Cynthia Cupit, Lisa Saldana, and Cathy Dodds Joyner. 2007. “Ecological Treatment for Parent-to-Child Violence.” Accessed May 14, 2011.

Swenson, Cynthia C., and Cindy M. Schaeffer. 2011. “Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect.” In A. Rubin & D. Springer (eds.). Programs and Interventions for Maltreated Children and Families at Risk. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.

Following are CrimeSolutions-rated programs that are related to this practice:

Preventive Child Maltreatment Programs

Preventive child maltreatment programs are designed to prevent physical child abuse or neglect by educating expectant and new parents in parenting skills, coping with stressors, and stimulating child development. This practice is rated Effective for preventing child abuse, neglect, and maltreatment.

Evidence Ratings for Outcomes

Victimization - Child abuse/neglect/maltreatment

Why might a practice's outcome ratings differ from the ratings of specific programs encompassed by that practice?