Profile Updated:
Summary: The program aims to reduce precursors of teen pregnancy, including sexual risk behaviors, involvement in violence, and disconnection from school. The program is rated Effective for reducing relational aggression victimization. The program is rated Promising for improving family connectedness. The program is rated Ineffective for physical violence victimization, relational aggression perpetration, physical violence perpetration, fight avoidance skills, and suspension or expulsion. (Review the full program description).
| Title | Rating | Details | Outcome Category | Study(ies) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relational aggression victimization (multisite) |
Ineffective | One Study |
There were no statistically significant differences in relational aggression victimization (such as being left out, lied about, or put down) in the past 30 days between students who participated in the program and students in the control group. |
Victimization; Victimization by peers; Bullying/cyberbullying victimization | Sieving, Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Molly Secor-Turner, Ann W. Garwick, Rebecca Shalfer, Kara J., Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Jennifer A. Oliphant, and Ann M. Seppelt. 2014. "Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention." Journal of Prevention Science 15:460–72. See evaluation methods. |
| Physical violence victimization (multisite) |
Ineffective | One Study |
There were no statistically significant differences in physical violence victimization in the past 6 months between students who participated in the program and students in the control group. |
Victimization; Victimization by peers; Peer violence victimization | Sieving, Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Molly Secor-Turner, Ann W. Garwick, Rebecca Shalfer, Kara J., Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Jennifer A. Oliphant, and Ann M. Seppelt. 2014. "Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention." Journal of Prevention Science 15:460–72. See evaluation methods. |
| Relational aggression perpetration (multisite) |
Effective | One Study |
Students who participated in the program reported lower levels of relational aggression perpetration (including hurting others by damaging their friendships, reputation, or social standing) in the past 30 days compared with control group students. This difference was statistically significant. |
Juvenile Problem and Protective Behaviors; Antisocial behaviors; Aggression/hostility | Sieving, Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Molly Secor-Turner, Ann W. Garwick, Rebecca Shalfer, Kara J., Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Jennifer A. Oliphant, and Ann M. Seppelt. 2014. "Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention." Journal of Prevention Science 15:460–72. See evaluation methods. |
| Physical violence perpetration (multisite) |
Ineffective | One Study |
There were no statistically significant differences in physical violence perpetration in the past 6 months between students who participated in the program and students in the control group. |
Juvenile Problem and Protective Behaviors; Antisocial behaviors; Violence | Sieving, Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Molly Secor-Turner, Ann W. Garwick, Rebecca Shalfer, Kara J., Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Jennifer A. Oliphant, and Ann M. Seppelt. 2014. "Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention." Journal of Prevention Science 15:460–72. See evaluation methods. |
| Fight avoidance skills (multisite) |
Ineffective | One Study |
There were no statistically significant differences in fight avoidance skills between students who participated in the program and students in the control group. |
Juvenile Problem and Protective Behaviors; Social Skills; Fight avoidance skills | Sieving, Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Molly Secor-Turner, Ann W. Garwick, Rebecca Shalfer, Kara J., Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Jennifer A. Oliphant, and Ann M. Seppelt. 2014. "Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention." Journal of Prevention Science 15:460–72. See evaluation methods. |
| Family connectedness (multisite) |
Promising | One Study |
Students who participated in the program reported greater improvements in family connectedness as demonstrated by if they felt their family cared about them and if they felt close to their family, compared with students in the control group. This difference was statistically significant. |
Family Functioning; Family functioning (overall measures); Cohesion | Sieving, Renee E., Annie-Laurie McRee, Barbara J. McMorris, Kara J. Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Linda Bearinger, Ann W. Garwick, Jennifer A. Oliphant, Shari Plowman, Michael D. Resnick, and Molly Secor-Turner. 2013. "Prime Time: Sexual Health Outcomes at 24 Months for a Clinic-Linked Intervention to Prevent Pregnancy Risk Behaviors." JAMA Pediatric 167(4):333–40. See evaluation methods. |
| Suspension or expulsion (multisite) |
Ineffective | One Study |
There were no statistically significant differences in rates of suspension or expulsion in the past 6 months between students who participated in the program and students in the control group. |
Education; Dropping out/expulsion/suspension from school | Sieving, Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Molly Secor-Turner, Ann W. Garwick, Rebecca Shalfer, Kara J., Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Jennifer A. Oliphant, and Ann M. Seppelt. 2014. "Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention." Journal of Prevention Science 15:460–72. See evaluation methods. |
Program Goals/Target Population
Prime Time is a youth development program intervention designed for adolescent girls at high risk for pregnancy. The multicomponent, 18-month program is intended for use in primary care clinics (Sieving et al. 2013). The program is targeted at reducing precursors of teen pregnancy, including sexual risk behaviors, involvement in violence, and disconnection from school. Additionally, the program aims to build skills, confidence, motivation, and supportive relationships.
Program Components
The Prime-Time program components are implemented by case managers who are experienced in working with urban teenagers from diverse cultural backgrounds. The case managers complete a 4-week training focused on intervention principles, practicing feedback in implementing court intervention strategies prior to implementation. Throughout the intervention, case managers receive weekly clinical supervision. The program consists of two major program components: case management and peer leadership.
Case management involves one-on-one visits between case managers and the girls in the program. During the first month after enrollment, the case managers hold their initial visit with each program participant and then hold monthly visits with the girls throughout the 18 months intervention. Visits are held in community locations that are convenient for the teens. The visits focus on a core set of topics including emotional and social skills and positive family, school, and community involvement. Case management is a client-centered approach, so the topics and strategies focused on during the visits are determined by the capacities, interests, and needs of the participants. However, during each 6-month interval of the 18-month intervention, all core topics are addressed, including healthy relationships, responsible sexual behaviors (e.g., contraceptive use), and positive family and school involvement.
Prime Time also includes two peer leadership components: Peer Educator Training and Employment: Just In Time and Service-Learning: It’s Our Time. All sessions are led by two case managers, held in the community locations that are convenient for the girls, and involve between 4 and 12 participants.
- Just In Time involves a standard 15 session curriculum addressing communication skills, stress management skills, conflict management skills, expectations and skills for healthy relationships, social influences on sexual behaviors, sexual decision-making skills and contraception. During the sessions, the girls practice group decision making, problem-solving, and conflict management skills. They are also given homework activities to discuss the topics with adult family members. After completing the training curriculum, the girls complete a seven-session practicum with an existing group of students, which involves selecting a topic, developing a lesson plan, teaching a group session, adjusting the lesson plan as needed, and teaching a second group session.
- It’s Our Time entails three core units in a standard curriculum, focused on core elements of Service-Learning: preparation, action, reflection and celebration. The service learning activities expand on social skills for prosocial group involvement acquired in Just In Time (Sieving et al. 2013; Sieving et al.2014).
Study Title: Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention (which is associated with outcomes Relational aggression victimization , Physical violence victimization, Relational aggression perpetration, Physical violence perpetration , Fight avoidance skills, and Suspension or expulsion )
Sieving and colleagues (2014) evaluated Prime Time using the same sample and methods described in Study 1 (Sieving et al. 2013). Out of the 253 girls who completed the pretest surveys, 239 (94.5 percent) completed the survey again 18 months later.
The primary outcomes of interest included aggressive and violent behaviors (measured as relational aggression perpetration and victimization, and physical violence perpetration and victimization); and related psychosocial and behavioral outcomes (including measures of family connectedness, school connectedness, fight avoidance skills, stress- management skills, and rates of suspensions and expulsions). Each 18-month outcome was regressed on participation in Prime Time (intervention versus control), controlling for the baseline measure of the outcome. No subgroup analyses were conducted.
Citation: Sieving, Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Molly Secor-Turner, Ann W. Garwick, Rebecca Shalfer, Kara J., Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Jennifer A. Oliphant, and Ann M. Seppelt. 2014. "Prime Time: 18-Month Violence Outcomes of a Clinic-Linked Intervention." Journal of Prevention Science 15:460–72.
Study Title: Prime Time: Sexual Health Outcomes at 24 Months for a Clinic-Linked Intervention to Prevent Pregnancy Risk Behaviors (which is associated with outcome Family connectedness)
Sieving and colleagues (2013) used a randomized controlled trial to evaluate outcomes 6 months after completion of the Prime Time intervention. The sample consisted of sexually active girls between the ages of 13 and 17 who met at least one of the following criteria: a clinic visit showing they were not pregnant; a visit requiring treatment for sexually transmitted infection; young age (13 or 14 years); aggressive and violent behaviors; sexual risk behaviors; and behaviors indicating disconnection from school. Girls who were unable to understand the consent materials, were married or pregnant, or who had already given birth were not eligible for the study.
For 6 months, between April 2007 and October 2008, trained study staff at four community and school-based primary care clinics screened 1,434 girls, of whom 571 were sexually active girls who met at least one of the risk criteria. These girls were invited to participate in the study. Invited girls then had to complete two visits at the clinic in order to enroll, in an effort to minimize study attrition. Following randomization, 126 girls were assigned to the intervention condition and 127 girls were assigned to the control condition. Out of the 253 girls who completed the pretest survey, 236 (93.3 percent) completed the follow-up survey 24 months later. At baseline and again 24 months later (following 18 months of the intervention), all participants completed an audio computer-assisted self-interview. The average age of the intervention and control groups was 15 years. In terms of race/ethnicity, the largest percentages of both groups were Black/African/African American (44 percent of the intervention group versus 38 percent of the control group), and mixed/multiple race/ethnicity (19 percent of the intervention group versus 23 percent of the control group); followed by Hispanic/Latina (16.7 percent versus 7.9 percent), white/European American (6.3 percent versus 15.7 percent), and American Indian/Native American (3.2 percent versus 2.4 percent). At baseline, the groups were not significantly different on demographic characteristics.
The outcomes of interest included consistency of contraceptive use (with a most recent sexual partner) and the number of male sex partners in the past 6 months. The study also looked at a number of psychosocial outcomes, such as social–emotional skills (stress management and interpersonal skills), social connectedness (to school and family), and sexual efficacy and skills (sexual refusal self-efficacy and sexual risk communication with partner). The authors used an intent-to-treat approach in which participants' data was analyzed based on the group in which they were randomized, regardless of their level of participation, and generalized estimating equations to evaluate the effects of the intervention. Each 24-month outcome (6 months following completion of the intervention) was regressed on participation in Prime Time (intervention versus control), controlling for the baseline measure of the outcome. No subgroup analyses were conducted.
Citation: Sieving, Renee E., Annie-Laurie McRee, Barbara J. McMorris, Kara J. Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Linda Bearinger, Ann W. Garwick, Jennifer A. Oliphant, Shari Plowman, Michael D. Resnick, and Molly Secor-Turner. 2013. "Prime Time: Sexual Health Outcomes at 24 Months for a Clinic-Linked Intervention to Prevent Pregnancy Risk Behaviors." JAMA Pediatric 167(4):333–40.
The following outcomes were considered in the scored studies, but CrimeSolutions Study Reviewers determined the evidence was insufficient for a rating to be assigned:
- Interpersonal skills
- School
- Attending college or technical school
Programming is led by case managers, who should be experienced in working with urban teens from diverse cultural backgrounds. Case managers complete an initial 4-week training focused on intervention principles, practice, and feedback in implementing core intervention strategies. Additionally, case managers receive weekly clinical supervision throughout the intervention (Sieving et al. 2013; Sieving et al. 2014).
These sources were used in the development of the program profile:
Sieving Renee E., Barbara J. McMorris, Kara J. Beckman, Sandra L. Pettingell, Molly Secor-Turner, Kari Kugler, Ann W. Garwick, Michael D. Resnick, and Linda H. Bearinger. 2011a. “Prime Time: 12-Month Sexual Health Outcomes of a Clinic-Based Intervention to Prevent Pregnancy Risk Behaviors.” Journal of Adolescent Health 49(2):172–179.
Sieving, Renee E., Michael D. Resnick, Ann W. Garwick, Linda H. Bearinger, Kara J. Beckman, Jennifer A. Oliphant, Shari Plowman, and Kayci R. Rush. 2011b. “A Clinic-Based, Youth Development Approach to Teen Pregnancy Prevention.” American Journal of Health Behavior 35(3):346–358.
Sieving, Renee E., Debra H. Bernat, Michael D. Resnick, Jennifer Oliphant, Sandra Pettingell, Shari Plowman, and Carol Skay. 2012. “A Clinic-Based Youth Development Program to Reduce Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Adolescent Girls: Prime Time Pilot Study.” Health Promotion Practice 13(4):462–471.
Following are CrimeSolutions-rated programs that are related to this program:
This is a school-based, small-group program designed to prevent social aggression and increase empathy, prosocial behavior, and social problem-solving skills among fifth-grade females. The program is rated Effective for reducing antisocial problem-solving strategies and improving prosocial problem-solving strategies, and Ineffective for increasing empathetic behaviors and prosocial behaviors with peers and for reducing aggressive/hostile social behavior with peers.
This is a universal, school-based social-emotional learning program aimed at reducing violence and encouraging academic success among middle school students. The program is rated Ineffective. While the program had a statistically significant impact on reducing physical aggression, there was no statistically significant impact on sexual-violence victimization and perpetration, peer victimization, bullying victimization and perpetration, cyberbullying, or homophobic name calling.
This program was originally rated Ineffective. It has been re-reviewed based on the change in the program rating instrument. Under the new instrument, CrimeSolutions now rates individual program outcomes and no longer assigns an overall rating.
Rating Process
Program Status
This program is Active.